How Does Distance Education Compare with Classroom Instruction? A Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Literature

Robert M. Bernard; Philip C. Abrami; Yiping Lou; Evgueni Borokhovsk; Anne Wade; Lori Wozney; Peter Andrew Wallet; Manon Fiset; Binru Huang

Review of Educational Research Vol. 74, No. 3 (2004) pp. 379–439

A meta-analysis of the comparative distance education (DE) literature between 1985 and 2002 was conducted. In total, 232 studies containing 688 independent achievement, attitude, and retention outcomes were analyzed. Overall results indicated effect ...